Destroyer Fw-190.

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initial failures of destroyers Messerschmitt Bf-109 in combat with Soviet I -15 and I -16 in the sky of Spain and the tendency to secure themselves from similar troubles in the future, impelled command To lyuftvaffe to conduct in 1938 competition to the creation of more powerful destroyer, firm "Focke-Wulfe" participated in this competition, after presenting the design of destroyer with the star-shaped air-cooled engine Bmw-139. the designer of the aircraft Of k.Tank was used in the destroyer "unfashionable" at that time air-cooled engine taking into account the fact that, in spite of its large cross-sectional area and respectively higher aerodynamic drag, the extremely high power of engine (1550 hp in comparison with 635 hp. the water-cooled engine of the Humes -210D, which stood on the first modifications Bf-109) it will ensure to aircraft outstanding characteristics.

Taken place during June 1939 first flight of the prototype of aircraft Fw-190V-1 and subsequent tests as a whole confirmed the calculations of designers - speed at the height 5000 m of 595 km/h in comparison with 550 km/h in the newest modification Bf-109E3. Aircraft possessed grow prettier by maneuverability and by ease in control and higher than in Bf-109, by stability with the landing, provide ford with durable wide-track gears. Some problems arose only in connection with overheating of engine, because of what the temperature in the cab during the flight rose to shchshch°S. However, delay in the development of aircraft arose for another reason - firm "BMW" proposed instead of engine BMW 139 to use the more powerful and more promising engine BMW of 801. This engine had large length and much larger weight, which required to redesign engine mount, to shift cab 300 mm to the side of aft fuselage section and it is essential to strengthen chassis. All this involved many less substantial changes, so that the first flight of modification Fw-190V5 with the new engine took place only in the spring of 1940. Aircraft successfully underwent tests and it was neglected into the series production after introduction in its construction of some changes, the main thing from which, perhaps, was an increase in the wingspan on 1 m for purposes of an increase in the maneuverability.

Aircraft was all-metal monoplane with the low wing and the three-strut tail-wheel landing gear retractable in flight. Semimonocoque fuselage consisted of three pressurized compartments - motor section, section of cab and rear compartment. Motor sections as a rule were made at the engine-building plants and were supplied together with the cowlings, masloradioatorom, oil tank and necessary branch pipes. At the aircraft plants they were connected with the aid of the rivets with the prepared there sections of cab and the rear compartments. Well developed from the point of view of the technology of production was the wing construction of aircraft. It consisted of two parts - upper and lower, each of which was assembled by the method of the highly productive open riveting of the panels of skin to the body. Both parts of the wing were connected between themselves also by the method of riveting, and the tail pieces of wing and detail of leading edge were fastened with the aid of the wood screws. The advantages of this wing construction entirely appeared in the final stage World War II, when it was necessary to unroll the mass production of destroyers for dealing with the aviation of enemy. Cab Fw-190 was executed with the common for German aircraft designers tendency to ensure to pilot the best conditions for conducting the battle. First of all due to the use by that made from the entire piece of Plexiglas of the movable part of the cockpit canopy had exceptionally good survey to the sides, upward and back. Survey forward and was downward somewhat hindered as a result of the use of a wide air-cooled engine; however, was evaluated as completely satisfactory. At the same time this engine reliably protected pilot from the fire from the front. Furthermore, from the front pilot was protected by 57- mm by bulletproof glass in the fixed visor of lamp, and from behind him protected 8- mm armored backrest and 12- mm of bronezagolovnik. However, total weight established to Fw-190 armoring in the modification of destroyer was about 110 kg, and in the modification of attack aircraft aircraft had even more powerful armoring.

On the instrument panel were installed all necessary for the control of the work of the systems of aircraft instruments, and also navigation instruments. For averting the formation of the specks of light of light instrument panel was covered on top by shield, and entire cab inside was painted with black lusterless paint.

V the composition of the radio equipment of aircraft entered two-way radio station FuG 16 zy with the unit of radio compass, and also aircraft identification radio station FuG-2Д, which is transceiver.

On the larger part of aircraft Fw-190 was established yya-tsilinrovyy star-shaped air-cooled engine Bmw-801 in the modifications with D. In the course of production the engine constantly was improved, the power developed by it constantly increased. Thus, if the engine Bmw-801 S -0 established on the prototypes of aircraft had a power of 1560 hp, then on the series modification of aircraft Fw-190A-3 the power of engine Bmw-801d-2 was already 1700 hp, and on the greatest mass modification Fw-190A-8 engine Bmw-801d-2 was equipped with system Gm-1, which due to the injection into the exhaust of the supercharger of rich in oxygen nitrous oxide made it possible by the short period to increase the power of engine to 2100 hp approximately the same results they were achieved also by the use of system Mw-50, by means of which into the cylinders of engine injected water-methanol mixture.

At the beginning of 1944, when the possibility of increasing the power of engine Bmw-801 was exhausted, on the aircraft was established the water-cooled engine Jumo-213 with a power of 2240 hp.

Fuel stock (525 l) was placed in two metallic thoroughly tested tanks, established under the cockpit. As showed the experience of air it was combat, this arrangement proved to be more preferable in comparison with the wing tanks (wing it has large area, than fuselage; therefore the probability of its kill with the firing of aircraft from below higher). By essential minus of the construction of tanks was the absence of the system of filling their inert gases in proportion to the consumption of fuel. Therefore for destruction Fw-190 it was sometimes sufficient entry into the tank of one incendiary bullet. It is interesting that the filled with fuel tanks ensured the additional protection of pilot, since fuel- extinguisher energy of bullets and splinters of projectiles.

For an increase in the flying range on some modifications Fw-190 was provided for suspension under the fuselage of the extra fuel tank with a capacity of up to 300 l.

Engines were completed by the metallic three-bladed screw- automata VDM 0-12176 A3 with a diameter of 3300 mm. the work of entire power plant was to a considerable degree automated. In flight the pilot governed it with the aid of one lever, depending on position of which the system of automation selected the optimum mode of operation of supercharger, regulated the supply of fuel, ignition advance and propeller pitch. Fully automated was the work of the cooling system of engine. Thus, pilot could conduct air battle, without being distracted to the solution of tasks of secondary importance.

Presence of sufficiently high-powered engine made possible for destroyer Fw-190 to develop speed very high for its time. In modification Fw-190A-8 it was equal to 654 km/h, while in the modification Fw-190D-9 appeared at the end of the war maximum speed was increased to 685 km/h, which was it comparably or even exceeded the appropriate index of the best Soviet, American and English destroyers. However, the overstated weight of aircraft negatively affected its maneuverability. For example, the time of turn in it was for 3-4 seconds more than in Soviet destroyers caress and la -7 (22 seconds instead of 19), and rate of climb was 12-14 m/s, while in other destroyers it reached 15-20 m/s.

For this reason in the German aviation there was its kind a "separation of roles" - more maneuverability Messerschmitt Me-109 was used for gaining air supremacy, first of all, by means of the destruction of the destroyers of enemy, and Fw-190 were accomplished the tasks of air protection of ground forces, and also it adapted as the fighter-bomber and the attack aircraft, since on its armament it was the most powerful single-engined destroyer in the world. As a rule, on it were established six units of the machine gun-cannon armament: two units of the screw of weapon synchronized with the work were placed on the engine, on one unit of the synchronized weapon in the roots of the wing and on one unit of weapon in the outer planes of wing out of the zone of screw. The first modifications of destroyer had two synchronized 7,92- mm of machine gun Mg -17 above the engine, two synchronized by 20- mm guns Mg -151 and two nonsynchronized by 20- mm guns Mg -ff. already these modifications by the weight of minute volley almost twice exceeded caress (275 kg against 150 kg u caress) and almost one and a half times "the Spitfire -.IX", whose minute volley was 202 kg. Subsequently, after the replacement of 7,92- mm of machine guns by guns by the caliber of 20 mm and after installation in the wings of more powerful guns, including the caliber of 30 mm, by the weight of the minute volley Fw-190 it proved to be out of the competition.

Besides powerful machine gun-cannon armament on Fw-190 could be placed very solid bomb load. Depending on the modification of aircraft on the devices of external suspension could be suspended the bombs with a weight of up to 700 - 1000 kg, while in the shifting version - and to 1800 kg. for the comparison it is here appropriate to note that the basic Soviet front bomber of the times World War II P -2 had normal bomb load 600 kg, and with the overload - 1000 kg.

Good flight performances and powerful armament made it possible to use Fw-190 over a wide range from the destroyer to the attack aircraft and the bomber. In this case, as in the case of destroyer Me-109, the optimization of the basic modifications of aircraft for fulfilling the specific objectives was accomplished with the aid of the remodelling complete sets.

In all were used more than 50 modifications and versions Fw-190.

Destructive modifications were evaluated sufficiently highly because of the high speed and the strong armament; however, the maneuverability of aircraft left much to be desired itself - the shortage of the power of engine was shown. In this connection is of interest the opinion of some specialists, that with the engine with a power of 2350 - 2800 hp Fw-190 it would become the salient destroyer. Such engine Germany not had.

Basic modifications:

Fw-190A-0 - the released at the end of 1940 pre-series party of 10 aircraft, intended for the troop tests. On the aircraft were established engines Bmw-80з, armament consisted of four 7,92- mm of machine guns.

Fw-190A-1 - the first series modification. In all were ordered 100 machines of this modification. The armament of the last aircraft of this series was intensified due to the additional installation in the outer planes of the wing two 20- mm of aircraft cannons Mg -ff.

Fw-190A-2 - the development of modification Fw-190A-1 with more high-powered engine Bmw-80з-2. armament - four 7,92- mm of machine gun and two 20- mm of aircraft cannon.

Fw-190A-3 - the production of the aircraft of this modification was begun in the fall of 1941. On them were established engines Bmw-801 PD with a power of 1800 hp, which made it possible to re-equip the part of the aircraft of this modification into the fighter-bombers, capable of bearing to 500 kg of bombs. There were also versions of reconnaissance fighter, of high-altitude fighter and export version for the delivery into Turkey.

Fw-190A-4 - in the squadrons To lyuftvaffe the aircraft of this modification for the first time appeared in the summer of 1942. The engines of these aircraft Bmw-801 D -2 had a system Mw-50, which ensures injection into the cylinders of the engine of water-methanol mixture for a short-term increase in its power to 2100 hp pri this it was reached an increase in the velocity of flight to 670 km/h at height 6400 m. furthermore, on the aircraft, intended for the air support of the African group of Rommel, were mounted the additional filters, which prevented the entry of sand inside the engine (Fw-190-A4 Tgor).

Fw-190A-5 - the first aircraft of this modification appeared in the beginning of 1943. Engine on these aircraft was established on the usovershenstvovannoy engine mounting; however, their basic special feature was further strengthening of armament (six guns on Fw-190A-5/U9 and the different versions) and increase in the bomb load to 1000 kg.

Fw-190A-6 - on the aircraft of this modification widely adapted by 30- mm of the guns MK-103 and MK-108, the mass of projectiles of which was three times more than in Mg -151. under the outer planes of wing Fw-190A-6/R6 were established two launchers of the exceptionally powerful of the 210-mm of the rocket projectiles Wgr-21.

Fw-190A-7 - this modification of istrebitelyabombardirovshchika it were used from December 1943 in essence in the zone of the Mediterranean it were differed from the previous modification in terms of the fact that fuselage 7,92- mm the machine guns were substituted with 13- mm by machine guns or 20- mm by guns. Taking into account experience of operating Fw-190 the previous modifications was also executed the strengthening by chassis.

Fw-190A-8 - modification with the fuel capacity increased on 114 l. There were versions of two-place trainer aircraft, torpedo bomber and all-weather fighter-interceptor with the special radio equipment and the autopilot. The aircraft of this modification were used for finalizing of rockets KhYa and R4M.

Fw-190B, with - experimental modifications Fw-190, developed for the purpose of an increase in the tactical flight characteristics of aircraft. Experiments with the airtight cab, the wing of larger area and the engines with the turbochargers of different construction were conducted.

Fw-190 D -0 - further development of modification Fw-190A-7. Instead of the air-cooled engine is established the twelve-cylinder liquid-cooled engine Hume -21Б power of 1750 hp, which could be increased to 2100 - 2240 hp due to the use of system Mw-50. for increasing the maneuverability on the aircraft of this modification outwardly wing guns they were not established.

Fw-190D-10 - modification with the engine Hume -213 s, in the disintegration of cylinders of which instead of two 13- mm of machine guns is established by 30- mm the gun MK-108.

Fw-190D-11 - fighter with the very strong armament, which consisted of those established in the wing two 20- mm and two 30- mm of guns.

Fw-190D-12 - assault modification, armament it is analogous with the previous modification, but the armor protection of engine and cockpit is intensified.

Fw-190F-1, 2, 3, 8, 9 - powerful armament and good armor protection made it possible to use destroyers Fw-190 as the attack aircraft. The corresponding re-equipment of aircraft was produced with the aid of the remodelling complete sets. In connection with this arose the thought to let out Fw-190 immediately in the version of attack aircraft. The first purely assault modification Fw-190F-1 was developed on base Fw-190A-4 at the end of 1942. The additional armoring of engine and cockpit was established on the aircraft, and bomb shackles are also installed. External wing 20- mm of gun on the aircraft of this modification were not established. The subsequent assault modifications also were created on the base of the located in the production modifications of destroyer. The suspension of extra fuel tanks was provided on many of them. The weight of bomb load reached 1000 1100 kg.

Fw-190G-1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 - the modifications of fighter-bomber (front bomber) are developed for replacing the obsolete dive bombers Ju-87. The gunnery armament of these aircraft consisted of two guns, maximum bomb load was brought to 1800 kg. use Fw-190 as the bomber was connected with the large losses, since because of the absence of rear weapon emplacement they were defenseless from the stern attacks (as this occurred in the case of one-place Soviet attack aircraft Il-2).

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