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designation exemplary commentaries (in the brackets price the
conventional reduction)

Turbocharged $700- engine with the turbine supercharger
sushchest engine (Turbo) $3,000 Venn increases the power of dviga
calving without the losses in the efficiency; however, he requires
more frequent against the services and more expensive benzi on and
furthermore frequently it goes out of order.

Automatic $0$ya,000 automatic gearbox about transmission will ease
control, but noticeably (Auto) worsens efficiency.

Traction $220 complex and expensive device, control $2,500 which
improves control over the machine on the slippery road.

Antilock $650- anti-blanking brake whisker brakes $1,300 troystvo
automatically selects (a/b, ABS) the braking state, which is
especially important with the turnings on the slippery road.

Air suspension $650- pneumatic suspension improves (a/s) $1,500
softness of ride along the uneven road, but it is established usually
only on the expensive models.

Automatic level $170- automatic adjustment of level control $250 body
makes possible to preserve dosta precise road clearance with pereg for
ruzke of automobile, but auto of mouths roystvo adds weight and
worsens efficiency.

Power mirrors $20-$150 remote control of the mirrors of rear form of
the cab of driver allows the more convenient and is accurate Re to
gulirovat' their position.

Inermittent $20-$60 purifiers of glass with the adjustable wipers
speed make it possible to select to opti the mal'nuyu frequency of
work for any weather.

Rearwindow $35-$200 deicer of the rear glass defroster prevents its
misting and (r/def) the formation of drizzle; in some states the law
provides for obya the zatel'nuyu installation of this of the mouths of
roystva to all machines.

Rearwindow $85-$320 purifier of rear glass improves wiper/washer rear
survey on the automobiles of the type "hatchback" and "wagon".

Heated wind $250-$300 heater of wind glass eyes shield shchayet it
more rapid than to antioblede of nitel', but it worsens night see to
most' it limits the radius of action of remote devices (for example,
for the discovery of garage).

Adjustable $80-$350 adjustment of surface position pozvo steering
lyaet to you to optimally organize control of machine.

Air $650- conditioner improves comfort and conditioning $1,500 it
prevents misting glass, (a/c) but worsens efficiency and took away it
chivayet expenditures for maintenance.

Autosound $30- automobile radios, tape recorder and system (AM/FM,
$1,500 kompaktdisk of pleyer they serve neotrazi stereo, CD) my by
bait for the pilferers require the installation of anticreep means
and/or additional insurance.

Cruise control $200 automatic maintenance is assigned $250 noy of
speed it makes possible to remove nap ryazheniye and to adhere to for
ograniche of niy of speed, but it is possible to lead to the loss by
the driver of concentration. To the iluchshiy effect it gives with the
prolonged journey along the road with the small motion.

Trip computer/ $100 on-board computer and monitor give vehicle monitor
$1,300 information about the expenditure of gasoline, of average speed
of motion, the length of braking distance, about the troubles in the
systems of automobile, etc. They can distract the attention of driver
from to rogi.

Power Windows $250-$390 the electric hoists of glass (p/w) are very
convenient; however, is added weight and they can serve as the reason
for injuries in the children.

Central $125-$535 centralized cutoff of locks locking improves safety
and comfort, system especially in combination with distantsion by
control.

Courtesy lights $25-$200 dimensional fires, which are turned off of
che- cut is for a while after driver left machine and locked the doors
of ______________________________________________________________ 

Determination of the price: you do not pay more than it is necessary
for 
 after determining the model of automobile and the enumeration
of the additional devices, which you it would be desirable to have,
you now can study the searches for the dealer, which yielded to you
this model on the most acceptable price, and also by the selection of
the optimum method of the payment of your purchase. If you have the
necessary information about your model and you know how it to use in
the negotiations with toryovtsami, then the time, spent on the
searches for the best transaction, with the interest usually redeems
by the difference between the initial price of automobile and that
that you will pay. 
 First and fundamental rule with the purchase
of new automobile consists in the fact that you must forget about
those prices, which are given in the advertisement in the newspapers,
on the television and so forth still not one mu buyer succeeded
himself in purchasing necessary to it machine on it was declared noy
in the advertisement of cost, and hardly you will first be, for whom
this will be succeeded in making. These prices usually are given so
that "kli of ent it would visit". When you come to the dealer, which
declared legendary sale to the model chosen you, usually obna
ruzhivayetsya one of two: 
 A) your machine is already sold, but
there are other analogous models with some unnecessary to you
additives and "altogether to only chut'chut' more expensively". This
occurs practically always, if in the advertisement it is indicated
that a quantity of machines on the declared price is limited. 
 B)
your machine is located in the presence, but to the declared price it
is necessary to add the payment of the delivery of machine to dealer
("Destination charge", or "freight"), the service of dealer on the
preparation of machine for sale ("Dealer's preparation"), and also
excessively high pay for the installation of auxiliary equipment and
others all possible requisitions, to say nothing of taxes, the cost of
numbers and registration (taxes, tag & registration fees). 
 V you
nothing win, since immediately send by the incorrect way. In order to
attain the best of rezul'ta of tov, you should compare the final
selling-price of automobile (buy price) not with the price, which
stands on the label (sticker price), and all the more not with the
mythical "assumed selling-price" (manufacturer's suggested retail
price-MSRP), but with that sum, into which this automobile managed to
dealer (dealer's cost, or dealer's invoice). Knowing this sum, you can
more realistically estimate, into how much automobile will manage to
you. Its price, of course, cannot be below dilerskoy, but can prevysha
yet of it for the very insignificant sum -sometimes only to 300500
dollars. Accurately knowing, how much paid for the machine dealer, you
bu to dete of news the negotiations not about the final selling-price,
but about the size of the profit of dealer. After establishing as a
result of negotiations the size of dilerskoy profit arranging both
sides, you can design for the installation of auxiliary equipment not
from the market price, but, in addition at the cost, since the size of
profit remains fixed. 
 There are several methods to learn, into
how much avtomo Lille managed to dealer. The straight line of them
-simple to ask about this in it. Certainly, dealer can refuse to give
similar it is other formation, but most frequently it still will name
precise number, since it is interested in the conclusion of
transaction not less than you nevertheless in order not to be
deceived, has sense to obtain information, also, from other sources.
The union of users gives the detailed information about the wholesale
price of automobiles. Having accurately indicated stamp and model of
automobile, you for the more than modest pay -5-10 of dollars for each
model- will be able to obtain detailed information about the price,
which different dealers of your region for this machine paid. Demands
should be sent by the address: 
 Consumer Reports, Box 8005, Novi,
MI 48376. 
 You can also estimate size of Dealer's cost on the
basis of the exemplary data about the relationship between the
selling-price and the prime cost of automobiles. For the basic stamps
these relationships are such (wholesale price in the percentages of
the assigned price): 
 Acura-82-84; Bmw-82-83; Buick-85-86;
Cadillac - 84-85; Chevrolet - 86-92; Chrysler-86-88; Dodge-88-89;
Ford-86-90; Geo-90-92; Honda-84-85; Hyundai- 89-90; Infinity- 80-81;
Lexus -80-81; Lincoln-84-85; Mazda - 84-87; Mercedes-78-80;
Nissan-87-90; Plymouth - 91-95; Pontiac-89-92; Subaru-86-87;
Toyota-84-90; Volkswagen - 88-91; Volvo-87-90. 
 Knowing these
numbers, you can conduct dialogue with the dealer "from the position
of force", trying to determine the minimum level of profit, to which
it is agreeable. Frequently, using this method of negotiating, for
buyers was possible to acquire the new automobile in all 2-4 percent
more expensive than its wholesale price. It does not be worthwhile,
however, to be disturbed, if for you are succeeded in bargain with to
5-6 or even 7-8 percent, since your first cost is obtained
nevertheless less than "sticker price" (usually from 12 to 20 protsen
of tov of higher than the wholesale price). Consider that so-called
"reduction of producer" (manufacturer's rebate) is paid out Company by
it, that produces the automobile purchased by you, directly to you
after a certain time after the accomplishment of transaction (usually
che cut two weeks) and it does not influence the wholesale price,
which the dealer pays. 
 I in conclusion let us give still several
useful advice. - try to negotiate with the dealers about the price on
telefo well this not only it economizes your time, but also it frees
from lich foot pressure from the side of salesman. - do not yield on
the provocation of the type: "if you purchase mA tire precisely now,
then for you there will be special reduction". If it is advantageous
today about dazha of automobile on this price, then nothing not mho of
zhet to prevent to it from being so advantageous and subsequently. -
you be very careful with the purchase in the dealer of the "prolonged
guarantee" (extended warranty). Usually expenditures for it not
mountings dyvayut advantages, since the majority of producers avtomo
of biley allows the sufficiently good conditions for after-sales
service. - in such a case, when to the already discussed price the
dealer of nachi nayet to add new sums, for example, expenditures for
advertisement, on you request to produce its calculation (dealer's
invoice). This document must contain the description of all
expenditures, included in wholesale price,; moreover expenditures for
local advertisement - very frequently are already included in sum
total. - learn, are such taxes to the purchase of automobile in your
state, and also in the adjacent states, since sometimes it is benefits
it to purchase machine "on the side", economizing on the taxes.
Difference can be very essential, since into some states (press
measures, in Arkansas and Oregon) taxes to the purchase of the
automobile of voob of cabbage soup be absent, and in others they are
sufficiently great (in the state VA wington-6.5%, in the quarter deck
and Texas -6%, etc.). 
 
 Financing the purchase: loan or lease?

 Rarely who from the Americans lays out for the new machine of sra
ZU entire sum available. New automobile usually either to priobre
tayetsya on credit or it is taken into lease (lease). Each of these
methods has their advantages and deficiencies. 
 Buying machine on
credit, you after basic sum and about cents on the credit leave it to
yourselves. Comparatively small monthly payments, especially during
the long-term (to 60 months) financing, do not break through the
perceptible breach in your family budget. However, the prolonged the
period of loan, the greater the sum total of payments (due to the
accumulation of percentages). Therefore it always is necessary to
solve the problem, that to you is more advantageous in your to the
sieve of atsii- to save on the monthly payments or on the total cost
of purchase. You remember that an increase in the percentage on the
loan (annual percent rate, or APR) in all by 3% in reality increases
the vyplachennuyu over the basic price sum of 30%. Approximate idea
about your payments can be obtained from the following table, which
shows the amounts of monthly payments with the loan into 10,000
dollars (sum they are rounded to 1 dollars): 
 annual percentage 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 period of the payment of loan (mo..)

     24 448 452 456 462 466 471 476 480 36 309 313 318 323 327 332 337 342
48 239 244 249 253 259 263 268 273 60 198 203 208 213 218 223 228 233

 bank finances usually 90% of assumed selling-price (MSRP) of new
automobile and 80% of the cost of that reused. If you successfully
conducted with the dealer the negotiations about the purchase and
refer to the price, which in all to 24% higher than wholesale, then
those financed by bank 90% of MSRP can actually compose all 100% of
cost of your purchase. If you intend to take in the bank or other
financial establishment loan for the purchase of new automobile for
the first time in the life, then in you complexities can arise, since
to bank, naturally, are necessary to guarantee the stabilities of your
fie nansovogo position. You do not have practically any chances on to
shine brightly loan, if you have low income or live on assistance from
the state, if you have poor credit history, and also if you recently
(less half a year) you work at the new place. Temporary service or
work incomplete week cannot rassmat rivat'sya by bank as reliable
sources of income. 
 Best chances to attain the assignment of
credit in you bu it is blown in such a case, when you had a constant
work with the decent level of earnings for the last two years at one
place, you manage house or apartment (but you do not lease it), you
live by dol. goy time with one address, you have significant sum on
your calculation in the bank or have a guarantee (guarantor, or
cosigner) of man, who will sign the obligation to pay off for you debt
if you will not be able to make this. 
 The increasing number of
Americans in recent years of predpochi tayet the lease of automobile
to purchase. 
 Lease has several prime advantages, for example: -
monthly payments are usually less than with standard fie nansirovanii
of analogous new automobile; - it is not necessary to make the first
payment (down payment), which mho of zhet to compose to 25% with the
purchase of new machine; - you get rid of the headache apropos of sale
of hundred horn automobile and purchase of new. 
 As psychological
obstacle with making of a decision about lease serves the desire "to
manage" automobile. However, in the case of the formulation of loan to
the purchase of new machine real owner is the bank, which granted
loan, but not you themselves. Furthermore, the majority of companies
pass automobile to the lease with the right of pokup Ci at the end of
the period of lease agreement. Briefly, if you plan to buy the new
machine of times in five years or more frequently, then from the point
of view of convenience and savings of money lease is more advantageous
than the purchase. 
 However in lease also are their underwater
stones the concealed expenditures. In order to be dismantled at the
special features of one or the other dogo of pilferer, you should know
some basic concepts. 
 So, with the lease there are a certain
similarity of the first payment (down payment), a bearing name "front
up costs". As a rule, in the beginning of lease you must pay payment
for the first and for the latter the months of lease, taxes and
registration payment, and also the guarantee (security deposit), which
is usually equal to monthly payment and returns at the end of the
period of lease, if you return automobile in the acceptable state or
buy it. 
 There are two basic types of lease agreements -
"open-end" and "closed-end" (i.e., conditionally speaking, "opened"
and "closed"). In the case of the "open" lease in the agreement
predusmat rivayetsya, that if at the end of agreement the market price
avtomo of bilya is less than the previously specific cost (residual
value), then leaseholder will have to pay off the difference between
these mi by two prices (or its specific part). In the case "zakry of
that" of agreement at the end of the period of its action you must not
pay any additional sums and usually you have a selection to purchase
this automobile as reused or to forego not GO. The amount of monthly
payments with the "open" lease usually is less than with "that
closed", but you risk to lay out sufficiently significant sum with the
end of agreement, if for any reasons your model of automobile falls in
the price (as it happened, for example, with Audi-5000 because of the
received wide publicity problems with the gearbox). 
 The "closed"
agreements about the lease are of two basic types: "fixed residual
lease" and "fair market lease". In the first case in the agreement
accurately is indicated the price, on which you will have the
capability to acquire automobile after the end of the period of the
arenas of dy. in the second case the price of possible purchase it is
determined in mho the cop of the end of lease on the basis of the
predominant price of this model on the market for the second-hand
machines (fair market value). 
 When you search for the most
suitable version of lease, neob to ongoing consider many factors, most
important among which 4v lyayutsya the following: - the amount of
monthly payments, takeing into account tax to the lease of auto-
mobilya, which exists in many (but not in all) states, and the period
of lease; - the type of the agreement ("opened" or "closed"); - the
sum, which you must pay at the moment of the signing of agreement
(front up costs); - the condition for the early curtailment of
agreement (termination); - the size of the annual path of automobile,
included in stoi to most' lease (usually from 10,000 to 20,000 miles),
and also the size of payment for the path over the standard; - the
condition of the purchase of automobile on the completion of lease.

 
 
 Purchase of used vehicle 
 acquisition of the
second-hand automobile -sufficient risk tank enterprise, but
inevitable, if you do not have money on on kupku of new machine. At
your disposal there are three basic possibilities: to purchase
automobile in a private individual on the declaration; to turn to the
merchant of the second-hand machines (used cars dealer); to go to the
auction on sale konfiskovannykh it is automobiles (Auction sales of
confiscated, repossessed and unclaimed vehicles). 
 Best price you
can, undoubtedly, obtain at the auction, especially if the automobile
chosen by you does not interest other buyers. Prices at such auctions
frequently are several times lower than market, but main inconvenience
consists in the fact that all machines are sold there "as are" ("as
is"), i.e. no guarantees are given on them, they do not be subject to
recovery or exchange and are not sold on credit. Information about
place and vre of Mesny conducting such auctions and about what avtomo
precisely beat on them they are proposed, can be learned from any
large newspaper (greatest number of such declarations it appears as
Law's pravi, in the Sunday releases). 
 Acquisition of machine in a
private individual on the declaration somewhat less risky enterprise,
but also here you are not insured against the fact that ktoto attempts
simply to sell from the hands its problems. Before the purchase try to
explain, as was exploited automobile to you, namely: which general
about the run; machine in the garage was stored; adolescents did drive
on it; it was used in the prolonged journeys and so forth 
 the
highest price you will pay, most likely, in the merchant of the used
vehicles. However, the advantage of this version consists, first of
all, in the larger possibility of selection and, secondly, in
obtaining of the specific guarantees, since the laws of the majority
of states (including of New York) require of the dealers, which are
occupied by sale of the used machines, predostav to lyat' guarantee
obligations. In the state of New York, for example, with the purchase
of the used vehicle by the price of more than 1,500 dollars the dealer
is obligated to grant guarantee on 60 days either 3,000 miles, if the
path of machine comprised less than 36,000 miles to the moment on
kupki, or the guarantee to 30 days or per 1,000 miles with the path of
svy she of 36,000 miles. 
 Given below list will help you to be
dismantled into an example Nome reliability level of the used
vehicles. According to the data of the union of users, most reliable
(requiring smallest Re of monta) are the following automobiles from
the models of the last five years (in the brackets it is indicated yr
of release): 
 Acra Intergra (86-89); Acura Legend (86-89); BMW 325
(85-89); BMW 525 (88); Buick Electra V6 (88); Buick Le Sabre V6
(88-89); Buick Riviera V6 (89); Cadillac Seville (89); Chevrolet Nova
(86-89); Ford Festiva (88-89); Honda Accord (86-89); Honda The civic
(85-89); Lincoln Continental (87); Mazda 626 (87-88); Mercedes- benzo
300 (86-89); Mercedes- benzo 560 (86-89); Nissan Sentra (87-89);
Nissan Stanza (87-89); Toyota Corolla (86-89); Toyota Camry (86-89);
Toyota Tercel (86-89); Volkswagen Golf (86-87); Volvo 240 (87-88).

 Union of users publishes also the lists of the used vehicles,
which showed itself by unreliable and those not recommended to the
purchase. They include the following models: 
 BMW 7 series
(88-89); Buick Century (85-86); Buick Le Sabre V6 (86-87); Buick
Skyhawk (85-89); Buick Skylark (85-87); Chevrolet Camaro (85-89);
Chevrolet Cavalier (85-89); Chevrolet Celebrity (85-86); Chevrolet
Corvette (85-89); Chrysler Laser (85-86); Chrysler Le Baron (85-89);
Dodge Aries (85,89); Dodge Dakota (87-89); Dodge Daytona (85-89);
Eagle Premier (88-89); Ford Mustang (87-89); Ford Taurus Ya-.chyl.
(86-88); Geo Metro (89); Hyundai Excel (86-88); Jaguar H -6 (86-89);
Jeep Cherokee (85-86, 89); Lincoln Mark THE VII (89); Mazda 626 turbo
(88); Mazda Mx-6 (88); Mercedes- benzo 190E (86); Mercury Topaz
(85-88); Mitsubishi Precis (87-88); Oldsmobile 88 (86-87); Oldsmobile
Cutlass Cruiser (85,88); Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais (85087); Oldsmobile
Tornado V6 (86-87); Plymouth Sundance (87,89); Pontiac 6000 (85-88);
Pontiac Firebird (85-89); Pontiac Grand Am (85-87); Pontiac Sunbird
(85-88); Saab 900 (88-89); Saab 9000 (87,89); Sterling 825 (87-88);
Subarn Wagon Turbo (85-87); Volkswagen Golf (88). 
 Thus, you
finally acquired automobile- new or reused, by road or cheap, etc.
However in order to use your machine, you must undertake still several
steps, about which it is told below.

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